The engine system mainly consists of fuel supply and speed control system, intake and exhaust system, lubrication system, cooling system, starting and charging system, etc.

（1）燃油供给与调速系统 燃油供给系统主要由输油泵、燃油滤清器、燃油冷却器、喷油泵和喷油器等部件组成。它的功用是：根据柴油机工况要求，定时、定量、定压地将柴油喷入燃烧室内。同时，通过喷油泵及调速器的作用，以控制柴油机在给定的工况下稳定运转。 常用的燃油供给与调速系统主要有柱塞式喷油泵燃油供给与调速系统，PT燃油供给与调速系统，电控喷射（包括高压共轨）燃油供给与调速系统等。

(1) The fuel supply and speed control system is mainly composed of components such as the fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel cooler, fuel injection pump, and fuel injector. Its function is to inject diesel into the combustion chamber at a fixed time, quantity, and pressure according to the operating conditions of the diesel engine. At the same time, the diesel engine is controlled to operate stably under given operating conditions through the action of the fuel injection pump and governor. The commonly used fuel supply and speed regulation systems mainly include plunger type fuel injection pump fuel supply and speed regulation system, PT fuel supply and speed regulation system, electronic control injection (including high-pressure common rail) fuel supply and speed regulation system, etc.

（2）进排气系统 柴油机的进排气系统主要由空气滤清器、进排气管、消声器以及增压系统组成。

(2) The intake and exhaust system of a diesel engine mainly consists of an air filter, intake and exhaust pipes, a muffler, and a turbocharging system.

（3）润滑系统 润滑系统的功用是向柴油机各摩擦表面提供充足的机油，以减少其磨损，保证其正常工作。同时还具有散热、清洁、密封和防蚀等作用。润滑系统主要由机油泵、机油滤清器、离心滤清器、各种调节阀类和润滑管路机油冷却器等部件组成。

(3) The function of the lubrication system is to provide sufficient oil to the friction surfaces of the diesel engine to reduce wear and ensure its normal operation. At the same time, it also has functions such as heat dissipation, cleaning, sealing, and corrosion prevention. The lubrication system mainly consists of components such as oil pump, oil filter, centrifugal filter, various regulating valves, and lubrication pipeline oil cooler.

（4）冷却系统 冷却系统主要作用是通过冷却介质将发动机工作时因燃烧和摩擦产生的热量带出，保证发动机在合理的温度范围内工作。根据冷却介质的不同可分为水冷式和风冷式。 水冷式分为自然循环冷却和强制循环冷却，强制循环冷却中可分为开式和闭式。在开式强制循环冷却系统中，冷却介质直接与大气相通。而在闭式强制循环冷却系统中，冷却介质不与外界大气直接相通，冷却介质在密闭的系统内循环，冷却系统的压力略高于大气压力，冷却介质的沸点可以高于摄氏100度以上。其优点可以提高柴油机的进、出水口水温，使冷却水温差小，能稳定柴油机工作温度和提高其经济性，还能提高散热器的平均温度，从而缩小散热面积，减少水的消耗，并缩短机油的预热时间。冷却系统的主要组成部件为散热器、冷却风扇、冷却水泵、冷却强度调节器、冷却防冻液等。

(4) The main function of the cooling system is to carry out the heat generated by combustion and friction during engine operation through the cooling medium, ensuring that the engine operates within the most reasonable temperature range. According to the different cooling media, it can be divided into water-cooled and air-cooled. Water cooled cooling can be divided into natural circulation cooling and forced circulation cooling, while forced circulation cooling can be divided into open and closed types. In an open forced circulation cooling system, the cooling medium is directly connected to the atmosphere. In a closed forced circulation cooling system, the cooling medium is not directly connected to the external atmosphere. The cooling medium circulates in a closed system, and the pressure of the cooling system is slightly higher than the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of the cooling medium can be above 100 degrees Celsius. Its advantages can increase the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the diesel engine, reduce the temperature difference between the cooling water, stabilize the working temperature of the diesel engine and improve its economy. It can also increase the average temperature of the radiator, thereby reducing the heat dissipation area, reducing water consumption, and shortening the preheating time of the engine oil. The main components of the cooling system are radiators, cooling fans, cooling water pumps, cooling intensity regulators, cooling antifreeze, etc.

（5）启动充电系统 柴油发动机借助外力由静止状态转入工作状态的全过程称为柴油机的启动过程。完成启动过程所需的装置称为启动系统。它的作用是提供启动能量，驱动曲轴旋转并达到启动转速（一般为150-300r/min)，可靠地实现柴油机启动。

(5) The entire process of starting a diesel engine from a stationary state to a working state with the help of external forces is called the starting process of a diesel engine. The device required to complete the startup process is called the startup system. Its function is to provide starting energy, drive the crankshaft to rotate and reach the starting speed (usually 150-300r/min), and reliably achieve diesel engine starting.

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